Vol. XXII, 2009
1. Alexandru Mamina, Tipologia intelectualilor europeni în secolul al XIX-lea, p. 3-24.
L’objet de cet article est de préciser théoriquement les types des intellectuels au long du XIXe siècle. On commence par définir les intellectuels, en tant que personnes avec une instruction académique qui agissent dans le champ du savoir et qui ont comme fonction de transmettre au public les résultats du savoir, en assurant ainsi le cadre mental pour le développement des relations sociales. À travers une telle fonction, les intellectuels excercent une „hégemonie” symbolique dans le domaine des relations civiles. Par conséquent, leurs types se précisent à l’instar du modèle weberien concernant les leaders politiques, selon l’interaction entre eux et le corps social. Il y a alors des intellectuels individuels – ceux qui agissent au propre nom, en vertu de leur préstige personnel, des intellectuels d’organisation – ceux qui agissent par le biais des institutions, en vertu du préstige de celles-ci et des intellectuels sectaires – ceux qui cherchent à s’imposer au nom d’une certaine idéologie. On observe ensuite l’émergence et l’évolution de ces types en Angleterre, en France, dans l’espace allemand et en Russie, à travers l’action de trois variables: le gouvernement, l’accès aux resources et la paradigme culturelle dominante. En fin, on aboutit à identifier une forme exemplaire d’intellectuel pour chaque société: pour l’Angleterre – l’intellectuel „socialisé”, pour la France – le bohème, dans l’espace allemand – l’intellectuel académique et en Russie – l’intellectuel „idéologique”.
This article presents the construction, management, and statistical analysis of a historical database, whose data source is the Catagraphy of the Town of Ploieşti of 1838. This effort has all the main characteristics of a modern census. One of its goals was to count the possible tax-payers. Another goal was to serve as a starting point for conceiving a strategy for the future development of the country.
The article starts with a few considerations about the input data, then it emphasizes the necessity to corroborate the census with other historical sources. This task is not possible using only the aggregated data. The article continues by explaining how to codify and interrogate the source data by using commands specific to the relational databases.
The graphics, the correlation analysis, the sampling methods and non-parametric statistical methods applied to the source data and presented in the last part of the article complete the array of complex statistical procedures that can be applied on census-type data stored in a relational database.
L’article analyse les rapports sociaux et les enjeux politiques parmi les boyards de la Moldavie, durant une période ou les différents acteurs cherchaient un nouveau gouvernement. On voit ainsi, à travers les sources, les alliances matrimoniales et les solidarités clientelaires, les options idéologiques et les démarches pratiques des partis.
Ce qui se détache, ç’est la prééminence du social face au politique. Le pouvoir de la grande noblesse („les grandes familles”) a été fondé sur le système de subordination traditionelle, qui y assurait la fortune et la décision à la fois. Les petits boyards se sont intégrés, en plan second, dans le même système.
Les rivalités entre les sois-dites „magnats” et „charbonnières” furent, en effet, une querelle au milieu de l’élite sociale dirigeante, qui voulait préserver son monopole politique à certaines degrés d’exclusion. Dans tous les cas, le critère pour l’accès au pouvoir était l’origine noble.
In this study, I am questioning the value of the accounts wrote by foreign travelers through 19th Century Romanian Principalities for a possible social history of nourishment. In order to establish their reliability, I have compared the information given by 36 different foreign travelers with Romanian contemporary sources and the results of the first medical and sociological researches on nourishment, alcoholism and associated diseases at the end of the 19th Century and during the first half of the past century.
The conclusions of the all three categories of sources which I have used for this study aresimilar. They are proving that the travel accounts are a valuable and reliable source if they are compared between themselves, checked across local sources and later research. Thus, the travel accounts proved to be more than simple written mementos of a cultural shock, given by different expectations in regard to food and its associated habits. They reveal the cultural, social and economical differences between regions of Europe, and also document the attempts made by some travelers to understand and explain the differences to readers for whom they act as direct informers.
The foreign travelers witnessed the growth of corn as the main source of food, the overcoming of the agrarian economy over the pastoral one, the influence of fasting, and the extraordinary differences between the nourishment of the upper and lower classes. All these may be found into the contemporary Romanian sources and in the later scientific researches too.
The politics of modernity transformed the Orthodox Christian societies of the Southeastern Europe into modern nations. In this article we focus on the relationship between the establishing of citizenship law and issues of modern state building.
During the first half of the 19th Century, in the Romanian society the “boyar status”
(membership of the ruling class) continued to be defined by the land propriety and public service. In our opinion, the emergence of new professional categories in the urban areas ended the political hegemony of the old ruling elite. Especially the great merchants (nouveaux riches) were willing to achieve nobility ranks and enter old ruling elite. According to the Organic Regulations, the first constitutional law of Moldavia and Wallachia, the future “citizen” must be like a boyar: orthodox Christian, landlord, and his wife would be a native noble.
Trying to examine the reactions of the old and native boyars against the newcomers, we emphasize the political behavior of the “new citizens”, most of them born in one of the Orthodox neighboring countries. In the 1840s, a culture of public political discourse began to develop. In this process, the “nation” became a term, which legitimated the demands for political participation. The liberal “intellectuals” demanded political rights for all permanent residents of the country regardless of their place of birth, religion and ethnic roots. More significantly, they were engaged in the fight for unity and independence against Ottoman Empire and Russia. Therefore the future international status and citizenship law were the only issues upon which the deputies of the 1857 ad-hoc assemblies could agree, while they did not give any solution to the agrarian problem.
The civil model of the parliamentary republic, a legacy of the 1848 European revolutions, was influenced by the indigenous meanings. A “vernacular” oligarchy came to monopolize the power within the united independent Romanian nation-state. Both the foreign bourgeoisie and the native landless and illiterate peasantry were excluded from the exercise of political rights. The social and ideological gap between elites and the commoners reveals the Romanian paradox of change.
The holdings of the “Manuscripts Department” of the Library of the Romanian Academy include a typed version of the original diary of Adolphe Billecocq, the French consul in the Danubian Principalities between 1839 and 1846. The French consul’s diary presents the events from 1850 until 1871, a continuation of his previous work Le nostre prigioni, published in Paris in 1849. The information contained by Adolphe Billecocq’s diary is exhaustive and includes his correspondence with political and cultural personalities from Europe, North America and Asia, some unpublished studies, daily notes and press articles. From those papers which relate directly to the history of the Romanians I have selected for this article the previously unknown correspondence with Ion Heliade Răulescu, Gheorghe Magheru, the Golescu family, J. A. Vaillant, Arthur Baligot de Beygne. I have also stressed upon the strong influence Adolphe Billecocq had on the writings of Elias Regnault, J. A. Vaillant, Thibault Lefevbre etc. Thus, the papers of Adolphe Billecocq may be considered not only an important source for the Romanian history, but also for the entire Central-European region.
This article is a study-case of the concept of “rumour” as depicted from the manuscript papers of John Paget, an Englishman whom contracted a marriage into a Transylvanian noble family. His attitude in the 1848-1849 Revolution was, thus, pro-Hungarian. Given the lack of official information and of what we would call nowadays “media coverage”, the rumour was the most important way of finding out and transmitting news regarding the revolutionary events. John Paget’s standing towards rumours was highly influenced by his political (and marital) option.
8. Andreea Apostu, Sensul anistoric al culturii, p. 175-177.
L’article est une approche polémique concernant un problème théorique: la signification spirituelle de la conscience historique, c’est-à-dire la conscience du développement temporel. Face à l’opinion qui associe le sentiment du temps évolutif avec le progrès de l’humanité, on affirme la valeur du temps circulaire, spécifique aux cultures archaïques. Par le biais de certaines permanences mentales, celles-ci mettent l’homme à l’abri des crises identitaires engendrées par la perte du contact avec l’absolu immuable.
13. [Revista Istorică, Nr. 1-2, 2008. Prezentare de Alexandru Mamina, p. 189]
14. [Annales. Histoire, sciences sociales, n◦ 1, 2009. Prezentare de Alexandru Mamina, p. 189-190]
16. [Valeriu Anania, Memorii, ‹Iaşi›, Polirom, 2008, 691 p. Recenzie de Alexandru Mamina, p. 193]